HAT Chat Articles – September 2006

 

 

A word from our President

 

There’s something about the sound of rain falling on the roof of a barn that’s very relaxing to me.  The rains we’ve had at the end of August reminded me just how much I had missed those times during this very busy summer.

 

Speaking of busy, HAT’s putting things into high gear now that the weather’s starting to cool off.  This month we have two events coming up – a Foal Handling Clinic on the 23rd and our Autumn Open Show on the 30th.  If you’re the proud “parent” of a foal this year and want to learn more about how to work with one after their mother’s done her part, you won’t want to miss this.  You might even be able to put some of that new-found knowledge to use by bringing that weanling out to our Autumn Show the next weekend.

 

Looking ahead, I’m very excited about the upcoming Weanling/Yearling Futurity in November.  We recently made some changes that I hope will help make it a very special event.  I’ll be talking more about that next month.

 

Looking even further ahead, HAT has planned out its event schedule for 2007.  You’ll find the events and dates listed in Activities Calendar section of this issue, and hear more about them soon as well.

 

Like I said, things are gettin’ into high gear around here!  Be sure to come out and join us if you can!

 

Roger Dougan

HAT President

 

 

 

HAT Foal Handling Clinic September 23rd

 

HAT will be offering a Foal Handling Clinic from 9am to 12:30pm on Saturday, September 23rd at Bagnell Farm in Calera, OK.  The clinician will be Michael Pat Linderman, an Equine Behavior Specialist who specializes in training calm, gentle, and respectful foals, horses, mustangs, and mules through Savvy and Kindness.

 

The fee for this clinic will be $10 for HAT members or $20 for non-members (the non-member fee includes an individual one-year HAT membership).  Due to insurance requirements, auditors will not be allowed.  To pre-register and get directions, or if you would like to bring your foals to the clinic, contact Kathy Bagnell at (580) 434-4014 or e-mail kbagnell@cherokeetel.com.

 

 

HAT Autumn Show September 30th

 

Here’s another reminder about HAT’s third show of the season on September 30th at Loy Lake Arena in Denison.  Registration opens at 8am, and the first class will show at 9.  A showbill is included in this issue; additional copies can be printed from the HAT website, www.hat-texoma.org.

 

Those riders who are participating in our Year End High Point award are again reminded that they must show in three of our four open shows in order to qualify.  If you missed either the April or the June shows (but not both), you can still qualify for Year End by competing in this show and at our final show on November 12th.  Even if you do not qualify for Year End, you can still come out and compete for the Daily High Point awards, which are offered at each show.

 

 

Futurity Changes

 

At the August HAT Executive Meeting, a new format for the annual Open Weanling/Yearling Futurity was approved.  This format includes three major changes:

 

·        There are now only two levels of competition – Class and Group.  The third level (Grand and Reserve Champion of the Futurity) has been eliminated.

·        All jackpot money is paid out at the Class level.  Previously, jackpot money had been split between the Class and Group levels.

·        Added money is now divided and paid out at the Class level.  Previously, added money had been paid to the Grand and Reserve Champions of the Futurity.

 

These changes are designed to encourage participation and focus more attention on the individual classes, which are the heart and purpose of the Futurity.  Look for more details in our next issue.

 

 

Country Care Update

 

HAT received two donations in August through Country Supply’s “Country Care” program.  In this program, anyone who orders products from Country Supply and provides our Country Care code (HAT-TEXOMA) during checkout will have up to 5% of the value of their purchase (with some exceptions) donated to HAT.  That way, they can get the items they need and help HAT at the same time.

 

For more information, see the Country Care box on page 5 or visit Country Supply at www.countrysupply.com.

 

 

 

State/Local News

 

Texas Drought Losses Estimated at $4.1 Billion

 

COLLEGE STATION – Estimated drought losses for Texas have reached $4.1 billion, eclipsing the $2.1 billion mark set in 1998, Texas Cooperative Extension economists reported in August.

 

Crop losses are estimated at $2.5 billion and livestock $1.6 billion, according to the report.  The current drought equals the multi-year dry period of the 1950s and could go down as the worst ever without substantial rainfall by the end of the year, according to Extension officials.

 

“The financial impact will be a major setback because of rising input costs, especially energy prices (to agricultural producers),” said Dr. Carl Anderson, professor emeritus and Extension economist.  “Irrigation costs have soared and will cut cash flow from irrigated crop production substantially.”

 

“Most of North Texas, East Texas and the Coastal Bend were in various stages of drought since May of last year, and hay supplies were depleted maintaining livestock over the summer and winter,” said Dr. Travis Miller, Extension agronomist.  “Much of the corn and soybean crop has been harvested for silage or hay; pastures are bare and hay barns are empty.  Much of the hay being fed is from out-of-state or along the upper coast, which has received favorable rains.  Livestock water supplies are disappearing and ranchers are unable to sustain herds with purchased hay and dry tanks.”

 

Rural areas are being hardest hit, Anderson said, with projected economic losses at $8 billion when the agribusiness impact is included.  This includes businesses that provide equipment and services to farmers and ranchers, including machinery sales, supplies and other production needs, Anderson said.

 

The driest regions of the state are the Panhandle, Southern High and Rolling Plains, Northeast Texas and the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

 

“If it rained now, it would be too late for the main crops,” Anderson said.

 

 Statewide, cotton, corn sorghum and soybeans have been rated 48 to 58 percent in poor to very poor condition for several months.

 

“That’s very indicative of production levels around half a crop,” Anderson said.  “Much of the corn in Central Texas has been made into silage or hay and most of Northeast Texas soybean crop has been cut for hay to supply dairy operations in desperate need of forages.  The irrigated peanut and rice crops are the only crops rated mostly in good to fair condition.”

 

More than $1 billion of the current losses come from cotton, Texas’ No. 1 cash crop, Anderson said.

 

“Because of dry soil, much of the cottonseed planted failed to germinate,” he said.  “The 2006 winter wheat crop fell to 35 million bushels, the lowest level since 1971 and two-thirds below 2005 production.”

 

Only 1.4 million acres of wheat were harvested, the smallest acreage since 1925, Miller said.

 

Cattle producers are facing some of the toughest times ever, Anderson said, due to lack of hay and available forage on pastures.

 

“Three-fourths of the land in range and pasture is too dry to produce much grazing or hay that is harvestable,” he said.  “Without rain soon, livestock herds will face further liquidation.”

 

At biggest risk are the state’s cow herds, Anderson said.  Rising hay and supplemental feed costs are forcing many ranchers to liquidate herds and lack of water has forced some to sell out completely.

 

“Cattle sales are up sharply from a year ago,” Anderson said.  “The reduction in herd size will curtail beef supplies for several years.  Also, the lack of adequate nutrition for cows means a smaller calf crop next year.”

 

However, land values continue to increase mainly due to purchases for recreational and hunting purposes, Anderson said.  But the drought will “stress wildlife sources and reduce the amount and quality of wild animals and birds,” he said.

 

“Wildlife management programs are critical to maintaining the recreational value of land used for outdoor recreation during drought years,” Anderson said.

 

Agricultural lenders are reporting fewer loan repayments and greater demand for loan renewals and extensions from a year ago, according to the Second Quarter 2006 Survey of Agricultural Credit Conditions by the Federal Reserve Bank.  Producers are collecting insurance based on individual coverage on dryland crops and many cow-calf operators have taken out larger loans because of higher feed costs.

 

“Others have sold their herds due to limited water and forage,” Anderson said.  “High energy prices have substantially increased production costs to further stress an already depressed production environment.  Some crop and cow-calf operators can’t financially withstand more losses and will be forced to seek other jobs or business alternatives.”

 

 

 

National News

 

 

Vesicular Stomatitis Confirmed in Wyoming

 

On August 17, 2006, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa confirmed vesicular stomatitis in a 10 year old horse on a premise in Natrona County, Wyoming (near Casper).  This is the first confirmed case of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the United States in 2006; the last case of VS was confirmed in late 2005.

 

VS is a viral disease which primarily affects horses, cattle, and swine.  The viruses that cause VS have a wide host range.  VS also occasionally affects sheep and goats.  In affected livestock, VS causes blister-like lesions to form in the mouth and on the dental pad, tongue, lips, nostrils, hooves, and teats.  These blisters swell and break, leaving raw tissue that is so painful that infected animals generally refuse to eat and drink, and show signs of lameness.  Weight loss usually follows, and in dairy cows, a drop in milk production commonly occurs.  Affected livestock may appear to be clinically normal and continue to eat, but may consume only about half of their normal quantity of feed.

 

The clinically ill horse was positive for antibodies to vesicular stomatitis New Jersey (VS-NJ) virus on the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and was also positive on virus isolation for VS-NJ virus.  The VS compatible clinical signs and presence of VS-NJ virus meet the definition to classify this horse as the index case for the nation in 2006.  There are an additional 29 clinically normal horses and 25 clinically normal cattle also on the premises.

 

The affected horse was initially examined as part of a routine physical exam by a private veterinary practitioner on August 12, 2006.  The next day, the owner of the horse noticed that the horse had a swollen muzzle and contacted the veterinarian who came back to the premises to re-examine the animal on August 14.  During the re-examination, the practitioner noticed that the horse had oral lesions that were consistent with a vesicular condition and immediately contacted APHIS, Veterinary Services in Wyoming.  A foreign animal disease investigation was initiated that same day; appropriate samples were collected and submitted to NVSL.  There is no history of recent movement of this horse from the premises; however, the owners did report a large burden of Culicoides and large numbers of biting flies in the vicinity.

 

The affected premises is currently under State quarantine.  Additional control measures include isolating the horse from the rest of the animals to ensure that water troughs and feed buckets are not being shared with other susceptible animals, and increasing insect control measures.

 

The Wyoming Department of Agriculture is beginning a public and veterinary practitioner information and education campaign regarding VS.

 

APHIS Veterinary Services and the Wyoming Department of Agriculture will continue to monitor the situation and conduct response activities in an effort to minimize trade restrictions.

 

 

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U.S. Wins Reining Team Gold at World Equestrian Games

 

In a very close competition, the United States team won first place in Reining at the FEI World Equestrian Games in Aachen, Germany.  Team members Dell Hendricks, Tim McQuay, Matt Mills and Aaron Ralston posted a composite score of 665.0, taking the gold medal and edging out a very strong team from Canada by a single point.  In an equally tight race, Italy took the bronze with a score of 656.0, just one-half point ahead of 4th place Germany.

 

Hendricks, McQuay, and U.S. Chef d’Equipe (equipment/team manager) Jeff Petska are all from the North Texas area.

 

In individual competition, McQuay tied with Duane Latimer of Canada for first place with a 230, forcing a reign-off.  Latimer won the reign-off with a 228, taking the gold two points ahead of McQuay’s 226.  McQuay’s silver was followed by the rest of the U.S. team – Ralston (bronze – 227.5), Mills (4th – 224.5), and Hendricks (5th- 221).

 

Reining is the seventh and newest discipline recognized by the FEI, with the first medals being awarded in competition at the World Championships in Jerez, Spain in 2002.  The other disciplines are show jumping, dressage, eventing, driving (four-in-hand), vaulting, and endurance.

 

 

Equine Science News

 

 

Underlying Causes of Laminitis

 

Recent work has shed light on some of the underlying causes of pasture-associated laminitis.

 

Workers at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia have identified a prelaminitic metabolic syndrome (PLMS) in apparently healthy ponies.  They studied a group of ponies, some of which had previously had laminitis (the PL group) and some with no history or signs of laminitis (the NL group).

 

Kibby Treiber and her colleagues found that ponies that went on to develop laminitis had different metabolic characteristics from those that did not.  Animals at risk for laminitis had insulin resistance, raised blood insulin levels, and alterations in glucose and fat metabolism.  [Editor’s Observation: these characteristics, and other factors described further in this article, appear to be similar to the characteristics associated with diabetes in humans.]

 

A herd of 160 ponies was used for the study.  Overall, 34% of the ponies had signs of laminitis.  Only 6% of mature stallions were affected compared with 52% of mature mares.

 

Ponies in the PL group had significantly higher condition scores that did the NL group.  They tended to have well-developed fatty tissue pads along the crest and at the shoulder and tail head.

 

The researchers defined PLMS (see box below) by assessing body scores and looking at insulin resistance.  Rather than use one of the more specific tests for insulin resistance they used a “proxy” or simplified measure, which although not as precise as the more complex tests was sufficiently accurate to identify abnormalities.  From a single blood sample, they measured blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations.  Using these results, they calculated proxies for insulin sensitivity (expressed as the reciprocal of the square root of insulin, RIQSI) and insulin secretory response (expressed as modified insulin to glucose ratio, MIRG).

 

RISQI = [insulin] -0.5

MIRG = (800 - 0.3 x [insulin]2 ) / ([glucose] - 30)

 

Where [insulin] is the basal insulin concentration in mU/L and [glucose] is the basal glucose concentration in mg/dL

 

Prelaminitic metabolic syndrome (PLMS) in healthy ponies is present when three or more of the following conditions are met:

                RISQI < 0.32

                MIRG > 5.6

                Blood triglyceride concentration > 57.0mg/dL

                Obesity (body condition score > 6.0)

 

They identified 62 ponies with PLMS and 98 that did not have PLMS.  Two months later, the carbohydrate levels in the pasture where the ponies were kept had risen, and 13 ponies developed laminitis.  Eleven of the affected ponies were in the PLMS group, and only two were in the non-PLMS group.  This indicated the ponies in the PLMS group were ten times more likely to develop laminitis than were the non-PLMS ponies.

 

The researchers also found evidence that the predisposition to laminitis was inherited.  Nearly all ponies with signs of laminitis had been born to mares in the PL group.  Analysis of breeding records going back 5-10 generations revealed evidence of a possible genetic predisposition for laminitis.  The prevalence of laminitis was consistent with that expected from a dominant gene or genes, with reduced penetrance, associated with age, sex, and other factors.

 

Ms. Treiber suggests that identifying ponies with PLMS allows them to be managed with special care.  This may reduce the risk of them developing laminitis.  For example, ponies with PLMS should not be fed on high starch diets to reduce the risk of obesity and insulin resistance.

 

In addition, PLMS might influence the market value of ponies.  Paradoxically, ponies with PLMS have qualities that show judges and breeders prefer.

 

© 2006 Equine Science Update

Reprinted with permission

www.equinescienceupdate.co.uk

 

 

 

Legislative Update

 

 

American Horse Council Press Release

Contact: NLamoureux@horsecouncil.org

 

 

REMINDER: AHC to Hold Meeting in Austin to Address the National Animal

Identification System, EVA and other National Issues

 

The American Horse Council will be holding an Issues Forum in Austin, Texas to discuss current issues facing the horse industry such as the National Animal Identification System and its impact on horse owners.  This meeting will also address the recent EVA outbreak, new developments in taxes for horse owners and breeders, the Unwanted Horse Coalition and access to trails.  The meeting will conclude with an “Ask the Experts” panel.

 

“The AHC believes it is critical for horse owners to know about the national issues that are impacting our industry at this time.  This meeting will allow for the sharing of information on issues that have been making the news,” said Jay Hickey, AHC President.  “We feel that this is an excellent opportunity for horse owners to hear experts in each field and ask questions on the topics that are unique and significant to our industry.”

 

This informative meeting will be held on Monday, September 25, 2006 at the Marriott Austin Airport South, 4415 South IH-35 Austin, TX from 8:45 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

 

Be sure to make hotel reservation for this important industry meeting.  Rooms at the Marriott Austin Airport South will be held for the nights of Sunday September 24-Monday September 25th at a rate of $129 per night.  Please indicate that you are calling to reserve a room within the American Horse Council’s room block.

 

Meeting information and registration can be found at www.horsecouncil.org, or by calling the American Horse Council at 202-296-4031.

 

Agenda

 

8:00am – 8:45am:               Registration

 

8:45am – 9:00am:               Opening Remarks

 

9:00am – 10:30am:             Equine Health Management Forum:

·         Piroplasmosis

·         Equine Viral Arteritis

·         African Horse Sickness

 

10:30am – 11:00am:           Unwanted Horse Coalition

 

11:00am – 12:00pm:           Developments in Taxes for Horse Owners and Breeders

 

12:00pm – 12:30pm:          Access to Trails and Right to Ride Update

 

12:30pm – 1:30pm:            Lunch Break

 

1:30pm – 3:00pm:              National Animal Identification System (NAIS) Informational Session:

                                          What Does the NAIS Mean to Me?

 

3:00pm – 4:00pm:              Ask the Experts Panel

 

4:00 pm:                             Adjourn

 

As the national trade association representing the horse industry in Washington, D.C., the American Horse Council works daily to represent equine interests and investments.  Organized in 1969, the AHC promotes and protects the industry by communicating with Congress, federal agencies, the media and the industry on behalf of all horse related interests each and every day

 

The AHC is member supported by individuals and organizations representing virtually every facet of the horse world from owners, breeders, veterinarians, farriers, breed registries and horsemen's associations to horse shows, race tracks, rodeos, commercial suppliers and state horse councils.

 

 

 

Extension Service News

 

by Eddie Baggs, CEA-Agriculture

Denton County Cooperative Extension

 

Identify Blister Beetles in Alfalfa Hay

 

Understanding that we are in the middle of a two year drought and local hay is in short supply, many horse owners are purchasing and feeding alfalfa.  Since this area is not generally known for alfalfa production, most will be trucked in from other states.  As in past years, horse owners are forewarned to inspect alfalfa for deadly blister beetles before feeding.  Also, make sure that you ask a few questions before buying, such as where was it grown and what cutting is it out of.

 

Blister beetles sometimes enter alfalfa fields and can end up in the harvested product.  These beetles contain a toxin called cantharidin.  Although the beetles are dead, the cantharidin in their bodies is very stable and when consumed presents a hazard to horses.  This toxin severely irritates the horse’s digestive tract and often causes death, and if contact with skin occurs it can also form blisters.  Although the exact number of beetles required to produce toxic reactions in horses is variable, ingestion of just 15-20 beetles can cause illness in horses.

 

 The larvae of blister beetles feed on grasshopper eggs; therefore, the populations of blister beetles tend to correlate with the populations of grasshoppers.  We do not grow much alfalfa in this part of the state and even if the hay was produced here, careful handling by the producer can ensure a safe supply.  However, most alfalfa has been trucked in and the consumer would be advised to ask where it was produced and if grasshoppers and/or blister beetles have been detected there.  A quick call to the County Extension Office in the county in which it was produced or call to the state’s Department of Agriculture may give you a perspective on whether there is a great cause of concern.  It is generally thought that 1st and 2nd cutting hay are reasonably safe, depending on the climatic conditions of that production year.  Information from Oklahoma indicates adult blister beetles typically do not begin to emerge until after the first cutting (late April or early May).  For this reason, many believe the first cutting has the lowest risk of contamination of blister beetles.  Also beetles become inactive in the early fall making cuttings at this time also at a lower risk.

 

Horse owners feeding alfalfa should be able to recognize this insect.  The most common species in the U.S. are the striped, gray, spotted and black blister beetles.  The striped blister beetle is the biggest threat and can be easily identified by long yellow and black stripes down the length of its body.  Spraying insecticides does not help; even the dead beetles can cause injury.  Many producers will cut fields without conditioning or running hay through a crimper during suspect periods; this allows the beetles to leave the field before the hay is baled.

 

Alfalfa is a high quality forage and seems to have the highest availability at this time, so don’t overlook its feeding value, just be aware of the beetle.  For more detailed information, a Fact Sheet is available on Blister Beetles at http://citybugs.tamu.edu and type in “blister beetles” in the search window.

 

Educational programs conducted by the Texas Cooperative Extension serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability or national origin.

 

 

A Bit of Humor

 

Defining Riders and Their Horses

This Month: Endurance Addict

 

The Rider:

 

The Endurance Addict is wearing lycra tights in some neon color.  Has not read the rule that lycra is a privilege, not a right.  The shinier, the better, so that they can find her body when her mount dumps her down (another) ravine.  Wearing hiking sneakers of some sort and a smear of trail dirt on her cheek.  Sporting one of the zillions of t-shirts she got for paying $75 to complete in some other torturous ride.  Socks may or may not match each other.

 

Al Kamar Raka Shazaam was often called “you bastard” until he found another as hyper as he, an endurance addict.  Can spook at a blowing leaf, spin a 360 and not lose his big trot rhythm or give up an inch to the horse behind him.  Has learned to eat, drink, pee and drop to his resting pulse rate on command.  Has compiled 3,450 AERC miles, with his rider compiling 3,445 - those extra five miles being the ones he was chased down the trail after performing his trademark 360 turn, without said aforementioned rider.

 

Frequently Overheard in Conversation:

 

“Anyone have Advil?”

 

“Anyone have food?  I think last year’s Twinkies finally went bad.”

 

“For this pain, I spend money?”

 

“Oh, I never bring hay or water to the vet checks – there’s always plenty around.”

 

“Quick, quick, did you look, was his pee okay?”

 

Shazaam, you bastard – it’s just a leaf [thud]!”

 

 

Next Month:

Backyard Rider

 

 

 

Ask The Vet

 

by Dr. Katie Hayes, DVM

 

New West Nile Vaccine

 

Sometime this fall when the FDA approves it, we will have a new West Nile vaccine that is superior to what we have now.  This new vaccine, called PreveNile™, is a live virus vaccine developed by Intervet.  This live virus stimulates immunity which lasts more than a year, only requires one dose and has protection as soon as 10 days after vaccination.

 

The vaccine was made from the successful yellow fever virus vaccine where the West Nile virus protein was substituted on it.  The vaccine virus multiplies like a real virus, stimulating immunity of the body’s cells (cell mediated immunity) and antibody production.  Because of the cell mediated immunity there is a faster, stronger and longer lasting immunity than the other vaccines. 

 

In the research studies live West Nile virus was injected into the spinal canal.  The PreveNile vaccinated horses did not get West Nile even when the virus was injected again 1 year after the vaccination.  The cells had immunity and antibodies to clear virus so there was no encephalitis (swelling of the spinal cord) and weakness that we see with West Nile in addition to no viremia (virus multiplying and circulating).

 

The West Nile virus is different from Venezuelan, Eastern and Western encephalitis viruses in that the West Nile virus invades and lives inside the cells of the spinal cord which prevents circulating antibodies from getting to it.  So, a West Nile vaccine needs to stimulate immunity at the cell level.

 

Fort Dodge’s West Nile Innovator, a killed virus vaccine, is a safe vaccine, but does not stimulate long lasting cellular immunity.  It requires 2 doses 3 weeks apart and does not have protection until 10-14 days after the second dose.

 

Merial’s Recombitek West Nile vaccine is a modified live virus vaccine which has a canary pox virus carrier.  It also requires 2 doses, but has protection 26 days after the first dose.  The canary pox virus multiplies, carrying West Nile DNA to give cellular immunity which is longer lasting.

 

The PreveNile studies show the vaccine to be 99% reaction free and safe when used on 2 week to 4 month old foals and pregnant mares.  The recommendations are 1 dose in horses 5 months or older and a booster once a year.

 

I am excited about this new West Nile vaccine.  I look forward to the release of PreveNile.  Because I attended their seminar, I’m on the list to receive it first when it comes out.

 

Reminder: If you have not vaccinated your horse for West Nile this year, you need to vaccinate.  In August we had a case per week, especially around Pottsboro and Telephone.  If you vaccinated in January or February such as pre-foaling vaccinations of pregnant mares, you need to booster this summer.  Experts say that prolonged periods of hot weather increase the viremia in carrier mosquitoes, so our climate is right with hot weather and stagnant ponds for a lot of West Nile cases.

 

 

The Proper Way to Cool a Hot Horse

 

Research from the ’96 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta showed that simply hosing off a horse was not as effective as hosing the horse and scraping the water off repeatedly.  When water is applied to a hot horse, the water heats up to the horse’s body temperature.  Use a sweat scraper to remove the super heated water, then spray the horse again and scrape again.  The method of spray, scrape, and repeat significantly drops a horse’s body temperature and uses less water.  Increasing airflow with fans or a breeze also helps with cooling by evaporation of the water, but water is the most efficient.  For a horse with heat stress you can use ice cold water and scrape and not worry about muscle cramping, because the water isn’t staying on long.

 

 

 

Recipe of the Month

 

Quick Roll-Up Sandwich Wraps                                                               Servings: 2

 

 

2 slices             thinly-sliced smoked ham

2 slices             American cheese

2                      leaf lettuce leaves

1/4                   medium red pepper, quartered lengthwise

1 tbsp               mayonnaise

1                      flour tortilla

 

·        Place ham slices on a work surface, with their long edges slightly overlapping.  Repeat for the cheese and lettuce, making separate stacks for each ingredient.

·        Stack pepper strips near one of the long ends of the ham slices, and roll up.  Place roll on top of the stack of cheese and roll up again, creating a second layer.  Repeat with lettuce leaves to make a third layer.

·        Spread mayonnaise on tortilla.  Place roll on the edge of the tortilla and roll up again.  Cut in half and serve.

 

Variations: use different meats such as turkey or roast beef, different cheeses such as Swiss or provolone, add thin-sliced tomatoes or onions, use cream cheese or dressings instead of mayonnaise, etc.