HAT Chat Articles – April 2008

 

A word from our President

 

Spring has arrived in Texoma!  April is an annual reminder of my move here twenty years ago with fond memories of the balmy evenings, emerging green grass accentuated by the spring blooms, the unpredictable weather, and seeing my first live armadillo.  Two years after becoming a Texas resident, I became the proud owner and steward of an elegant Thoroughbred mare.  What a joy it will be to celebrate her 29th birthday on April 15th! 

 

Speaking of unpredictable weather, you won’t have to worry about the weather for HAT’s first show of the season on April 19th.  Not only is the arena covered, but so is the warm up area!  Come and join us at Crossfire Arena in Calera, Oklahoma, as we kick off our show series highlighted with year end high point buckle awards for each of three age divisions.  HAT shows are fun and friendly and everyone is welcome!

 

Now on to another “unpredictable” spring element…that would be my driving…and I caution anyone out on the roadways to beware!  I confess to not only lifting my foot from the gas pedal, but sometimes hitting the brakes as the new foals catch my eye!  A bumper sticker with a warning “Caution, I Brake for Foals!” sounds like a great idea.  There are several babies on my regular routes, five of them paints, sometimes frolicking and cavorting and other times laying so flat on the ground they can barely be seen.  I spotted a new one today, looking so frail on its long legs.  On a recent farm visit, with my car safely parked, I was welcomed into the stall of a week old colt who nearly inhaled a visiting kitten!  After breathing in a little kitty fur, he began sneezing and snorting indignantly.  The kitten escaped unharmed.  Consider yourselves warned. J

 

Graduating seniors…you’ve still got time to submit your scholarship application and essay!  The deadline is April 12th with the scholarship awarded at HAT’s Youth Clinic on May 10th.  The adults are not forgotten…details on HAT Adult Horsemanship series will be announced soon!

 

Happy Trails to you and Happy Birthday to Miss Kiva!

 

 

 

It’s Showtime! HAT Spring Show April 19th

 

It’s finally here – HAT’s first horse show of the year is coming up on Saturday, April 19th at Crossfire Ranch Arena in Calera, OK. Registration opens at 8am, and the first classes will show at 9. A copy of the showbill is printed on page 5 of this issue, and additional copies are available from the HAT website and at the registration desk the morning of the show.

 

Unfortunately, we are unable to offer online registration for this show. We are still working on this process and hope to offer it later this season.

 

We hope to see YOU at the show!

 

 

Youth Clinic May 10th

 

HAT’s busy 2008 schedule continues next month with our annual Youth Clinic. It will be held on May 10th at Loy Lake Arena in Denison, TX. A flyer with details is printed on page 7 of this issue.

 

This is our sixth year of offering this clinic, which is produced in cooperation with the Grayson County Saddlebound 4-H Club. Open to all youth ages 18 and under, the clinician this year will be Mr. Mick Clark, who was the instructor for our successful Adult Horsemanship series last year. The best part of all is, this clinic is absolutely FREE!

 

ATTENTION HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS: This is your last chance to send in an application for the Scholarship! The deadline for entries is April 12. See page 3 of this issue for an application form. The winner of the 2008 HAT Youth Scholarship will also be announced during the clinic. We hope to see you there!

 

 

State/Local News

 

Local Facility Closes Its Doors After 32 Years

 

A well-known horse facility in North Texas is no more.

 

Classical Training Center (CTC), located off U.S. Highway 75 in Van Alstyne, has closed. Opened 32 years ago as Crockett Training Center by Joanne Crockett and her late husband, CTC offered a variety of boarding and training services to the local horse community. The facility was sold to outside investors in October of 2007, and the new owners in turn decided earlier this year to discontinue offering those services.

 

An accomplished horsewoman, trainer, and judge in several disciplines, Joanne discussed her thoughts for the future.

 

“I plan to take some time off this summer to ride and show my own horses,” she said. “Maybe take them out west and ride in the mountains.”

 

She added, “When I return, I hope to relocate to a smaller horse facility in the Whitesboro or Collinsville area.”

 

HAT wishes Joanne well as she continues in her future endeavors.

 

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Texas A&M Veterinary Hospital Adding Imaging And Cancer Treatment Center

 

The Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences will be adding a veterinary imaging and cancer treatment center.

 

“The College of Veterinary Medicine is dedicated to maintaining state-of-the-art instrumentation that improves the clinical services we provide our patients, their owners, and our referring veterinarians,” said H. Richard Adams, DVM, PhD, dean of veterinary medicine.

 

The addition of MRI capabilities will help veterinarians to image and diagnose many conditions and diseases, especially those of the brain and spinal cord.

 

“The MRI unit will enhance our ability to diagnose problems with soft tissues,” said Adams. “While it will be heavily utilized by our Neurology/Neurosurgery service, it will also be a key diagnostic tool for our equine specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of lamenesses.”

 

The cancer center will house a linear accelerator, a tool that utilizes X ray and electron beams to treat cancerous tumors in both large and small animals.

 

“Our radiologists and oncology faculty using that equipment will keep us on the leading edge of cancer treatment,” said W. Terry Stiles, hospital director. “This is going to be a valuable resource not only to our clients, but to our students and our research faculty.”

 

At a projected cost of $4.5 million, the imaging and cancer building will have approximately 8,000 square feet, including space for support personnel. The building is designed for both small animals and horses. It will be located adjacent to the Large Animal Hospital and within 100 yards of the Small Animal Hospital.

 

The Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) of Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1915 when the Texas Legislature approved the creation of a public school of veterinary medicine and provided funds for building of a veterinary teaching hospital. Now with a multidisciplinary faculty of over 145 veterinarians and a support staff of more than 300 personnel, the Hospital is able to offer an extensive range of specialized services for large and small animals.

 

In recent years, the Hospital has served animals referred from approximately 2,500 veterinarians in 164 of Texas’ 254 counties and 31 of the 50 United States.

 

 

 

National News

 

Bronson Urges Vaccinations Following Early Onset Of Equine Diseases In Florida

 

Tallahassee, Florida (March 21) – Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services Commissioner Charles H. Bronson is reminding horse owners to take advantage of the vaccines available to protect their animals against Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and West Nile Virus.

 

As the weather in Florida warms up, the mosquito populations will increase as will the potential for mosquito-borne diseases. Already, nine cases of EEE have been confirmed in Florida since the beginning of the year even though the peak season does not begin until May. There were a total of 18 cases of EEE in 2007 for the entire year.

 

Bronson says the majority of cases can be prevented through proper vaccinations and booster shots against mosquito borne illnesses and he is urging horse owners to take action now. In the nine cases in 2008, six of the horses had not been vaccinated and two had not gotten booster shots. Only one horse was current with vaccinations.

 

“I am very concerned about the high number of cases so early in the year and I hope it doesn’t mean we are in for a bad year,” Bronson said. “But we can take steps to keep that from happening, and that is to get the vaccinations done as quickly as possible.”

 

EEE is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system and is transmitted to horses by infected mosquitoes. Signs of the virus include fever, listlessness, stumbling, circling, coma and usually death. The disease is fatal in horses in 90% of the cases.

 

So far this year EEE has been confirmed in horses in Putnam, Lake, Polk, Columbia, Clay and Volusia counties, all of which were fatal. Volusia has been hit the hardest, with four of the nine cases having been found there.

 

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Reward Offered For Information On Horse Soring

 

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) has announced it will offer a reward of $10,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of any violator of Tennessee’s “horse soring” law, which prohibits the deliberate infliction of pain to a horse’s feet to produce an artificially high-stepping gait. Ads announcing the reward will appear throughout middle Tennessee, an area where soring is believed to be commonly practiced.

 

“Soring — the deliberate infliction of pain upon a horse to increase the animal’s entertainment or monetary value — is incredibly cruel, and must end,” said Keith Dane, director of equine protection at The Humane Society of the United States.

 

The practice of soring, which is associated with Tennessee Walking Horses and other breeds of gaited show horses, generally involves the applying of chemicals or mechanical devices such as chains to the legs of the horse to create pain and force an exaggerated, high-stepping gait. Another soring technique sometimes referred to as “pressure shoeing” involves cutting a horse’s hoof extremely short and then applying shoes so that there is excessive pressure on the horse’s sole, creating pain with each stride. In some instances, foreign objects may be placed between the hoof and the shoe to create additional pressure on the sole.

 

A federal law (the 1970 Horse Protection Act) prohibits soring, as does a Tennessee state law. General enforcement of these laws has proven difficult, and it is believed the practice of soring continues on a widespread basis. In 2006, the annual Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration in Shelbyville, Tennessee failed to name a World Grand Champion when most of the finalists were disqualified for violations of the Horse Protection Act.

 

HSUS has set up a toll-free hotline for persons to call with reports of soring. The number is 1-866-411-TEAM (8326). All calls are confidential, and the identities of all callers will be protected.

 

For more information about the reward program, visit the HSUS website at www.humanesociety.org.

 

 

Business News

 

Racehorse Welfare and Safety Summit Participants Identify Issues and Establish Action Plans

 

A cross-section of prominent participants from the Thoroughbred breeding and racing industry who attended the second Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit in Lexington, Ky., on March 17 and 18 have drafted action plans in seven areas to improve conditions in various facets of the Thoroughbred industry.

 

The seven areas are: Track Surfaces; Marketing of the Racing Product; Catastrophic Injuries; Medication and Laboratories; Industry Education; Welfare of the Thoroughbred; and Implementation and Regulation.

 

Among the primary objectives identified were:

·                     The adoption of the following: “The welfare and safety of the horse should be the guiding principle in the decision-making process for all segments of the horse racing industry.”

·                     Coordinate all research regarding equine injuries and/or fatalities on all racing surfaces in all jurisdictions and publicize the results

·                     Create a national media strategy focusing on industry health and safety initiatives

·                     Create a research and development model for all racing surfaces

·                     Continue to support research to improve the design and utilization of equipment used to maintain racetrack surfaces

·                     Establish a central laboratory for timely analysis of race track surface materials in order to monitor track stability and provide a ready resource for track superintendents

·                     Establish uniform reporting of daily maintenance of race track surfaces

·                     Promote the establishment of necropsy programs in all jurisdictions and support the training of qualified observers

·                     Promote the standardization of pre-race exam protocol

·                     Coordinate a blue-ribbon panel on equine racing fatalities

·                     Analyze the drug-testing infrastructure to identify cost efficiencies

·                     Develop a research and development program for drug testing in the U.S.

·                     Establish national equestrian drug-testing laboratory standards and accreditation protocol, including a research and development program

·                     Establish uniform regulation of medication usage in sales horses

·                     Create a program with incentives to attract and retain qualified regulatory veterinarians

·                     Expand the Groom Elite program on a national basis to provide training, certification and continuing education for all backstretch workers responsible for the care and welfare of race horses

·                     Pursue strategies to stress owner responsibility and ensure that horses no longer wanted are not subjected to inhumane treatment or circumstances

 

The summit, which was coordinated and underwritten by Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation and The Jockey Club, and hosted by Keeneland Association in Lexington, Ky., was held all day Monday and Tuesday morning.

 

The goal of the summit once again was to identify critical issues that affect horse health and/or shorten the career of racehorses and to develop action plans to address each issue.

 

“The original Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit in October 2006 was not meant to begin and end with the meeting in Lexington and I think the progress we’ve seen in the 17 months since then is both reassuring and gratifying,” said Ed Bowen, president of Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation. “With many new faces in attendance this year, I think we were able to identify additional areas of concern and realistic actions plans to address those issues.”

 

Of the 62 participants at this summit, 36 of them had not attended the original summit, held October 16-17, 2006, also at Keeneland.

 

As was the case with the original summit, a final report and strategic plans from the second Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit is to be distributed to participants in the next two to three weeks.

 

Nick Nicholson, the president and chief executive officer of Keeneland, commended participants and committee members from the original summit for remaining deeply involved in their respective groups and encouraged this year’s participants to do the same.

 

“This is a great way to bring people together for the common good and Keeneland is proud not only to play host to it but to assist the various committees in any way we can,” he said. “I once again commend Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation and The Jockey Club for putting the summit together.

 

“At industry conferences, people often look for a way not to do things, but I think there’s been a feeling of mutual respect permeating the air at the summit, just as there was at the last one. Now we have to keep the momentum going and continue to make progress in the time between summits.”

 

Monday’s morning session, which started at 8 a.m. and concluded at 1 p.m., was open to the public and included presentations by 15 industry representatives as well as a panel discussion on racing surfaces featuring five track superintendents. Ed Bowen, the president of Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation, served as moderator for the morning session.

 

Many of the panelists provided updates on strategic plans and actions that grew out of the original summit.

Closed discussions of critical issues and actions plans in breakout groups, facilitated by a team of staff members from The Jockey Club, were held Monday afternoon. Monday evening, participants received write-ups on the days’ discussions and were asked to prioritize the issues in terms of importance.

 

In the strategic planning sessions on Tuesday morning, each group focused on the issues and developed a primary objective, related objective, criteria for success, tasks, responsible parties, resources, and a timeline to address their issue.

 

A final report from the summit was to be distributed to participants before the end of the month.

 

Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation (www.grayson-jockeyclub.org) has allocated $1,226,457 to underwrite 24 research projects in 2008, including 14 new projects and the continuation of 10 two-year projects approved in 2007. Foundation-funded research helps not only Thoroughbreds and racing, but all breeds and uses of horses. During the last 25 years, the Foundation has underwritten 239 projects at 35 universities for more than $15.5 million.

 

 

Equine Science News

 

Fear Control With A Calm Companion

 

Danish research suggests that the presence of a calm companion may help overcome fear in young horses.

 

The horse’s initial response to danger is to flee. While this may improve the chance of survival in the wild, it is potentially dangerous in the confined spaces more often encountered in the domestic situation. Frightened horses present a risk both to themselves and to their handlers.

 

Experienced horses are often used to accompany youngsters starting to work in traffic or during transportation. Young horses have to learn to cope with many potentially frightening situations, such as clipping, hoof trimming, shoeing, and visits from the vet. Could calmer horses also be used in those situations to help young horses overcome their fear of new experiences?

 

A study led by Dr Janne Christensen looked at whether horses would react less to a standard frightening stimulus if they were accompanied by a calm horse.

 

Thirty- six two-year-old Danish Warmblood stallions were involved in the study. They were placed two at a time in a test arena, in the middle of which were two feed containers. Opposite the feed containers was a black plastic bag. This provided the frightening stimulus. While the horses were eating, someone standing out of their line of sight pulled on a piece of string to raise the bag.

 

One of each pair of horses was the subject of the study and was fitted with a heart rate monitor. Some horses were paired with a “calm” companion that had been trained previously not to fear the moving black bag. Others were paired with horses that had not seen the moving black bag before.

 

The researchers found that horses paired with a calm companion showed fewer signs of fear. They returned to feeding sooner after being exposed to the frightening stimulus. They also had lower heart rates than did the horses paired with inexperienced companions.

 

The test was repeated later with the horses being exposed to the fear-inducing stimulus without a companion present. The difference between treatment groups persisted.

 

So, not only did the horses with calm companions show less fear when exposed to the frightening stimulus, they also seemed to learn from the experience.

 

Dr Christensen concludes that there seems to be the potential for using social influence for reducing fear in horses. Rather than simply keeping young stock in groups of their own age, it may help to include older experienced horses. It may be possible to use older companion horses to help youngsters overcome fear of practices such as dentistry or hoof trimming, thus reducing the need for sedatives.

 

She points out that more work has to be done to determine whether gender, age or social standing in the herd affects the value of a horse as a calm companion.

 

For more details see:

Effects of a calm companion on fear reactions in naive test horses.

JW Christensen, J Malmkvist, BL Nielsen, LJ Keeling.

Equine Vet J (2008) 40, 46 - 50.

 

 

© 2008 Equine Science Update

www.equinescienceupdate.co.uk

Reprinted with permission

 

 

Monthly Poll

 

Due to issues with our online polling service, we have discontinued our monthly polls. Please bear with us as we work to bring you new polls in the future!

 

 

Photos from our March 1 Showmanship Clinic                                     (photos by Kelsea Bauer)

 

 

 

Extension Service News

by Eddie Baggs, CEA-Agriculture

Denton County AgriLife Extension

 

To Seed Or Not To Seed, That Is The Question

 

February through May is the time of year we think of establishing, improving or renovating our bermudagrass pastures. With ten different soil types within Denton County ranging from stony clay to fine sandy loam, this can be a challenge. Combined with about twelve different varieties of hybrid bermudagrass such as Coastal, propagated from sprigs, and many seeded bermudagrass varieties and blends such as Common, propagated from seed, the question is which one do I use.

 

Let’s go back to 1943 when Coastal bermudagrass was introduced. Named for the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station where it was developed, Coastal is a F1 hybrid meaning that it does not produce viable seed, and is a cross between “Tift” bermudagrass (found in an old cotton patch near Tifton, Georgia) and an introduced variety from South Africa. As it seems, all the new bermudagrass hybrids are compared to the original Coastal variety during testing and yield evaluations.

 

A second type of bermudagrass is “common” which is propagated by seed. The seeded varieties do not germinate well at low temperatures, usually when the mean soil temperatures are 60 degrees F or above. This is usually around April or early May. When planting in May you can run the risk of missing the rainy season, which is important when trying to establish bermudagrass. The seeded varieties produce less forage and do not spread as quickly as their hybrid counterparts, but cost much less to establish.

 

If you are a small acreage owner and are just looking for grazing pasture or conservation ground cover then a seeded variety such as Wrangler, NK-37 or Giant, or a blend of varieties work well. These grasses have a more upright growth habit than common bermuda and are propagated by seed. With minimal equipment you can seed these yourself without having to hire a custom sprigger that is needed to plant hybrid sprigs.

 

The hybrids are sterile and will not produce viable seed and must be vegetatively propagated with sprigs, which are root pieces, rooted stolons or runners. This is done in late winter to early spring into moist soil. This type of planting is usually reserved for larger acreage due to the expense and special equipment needed.

 

Selection for a soil type should not be a problem; most all of the varieties are adapted to a wide range of soils. But as with any crop, to get the full potential it should be planted on a clean, well prepared seed bed free of other plant competition.

 

Either seeded or hybrid bermudagrass is very well established in Denton County and serves its purpose very well for extended periods if managed properly.

 

Educational programs conducted by the Texas AgriLife Extension serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability or national origin.

 

 

A Bit of Humor

 

Crazy (But True) Horse Laws, Part 3

 

·                     In Minnesota if a horse is frightened by the noise your car makes after cranking, you are responsible for any damage it does.

·                     It is unlawful to allow a horse to ride in the back seat of your car in Hillsboro, Oregon.

·                     In Lang, Kansas in August you can not drive a mule down Main Street unless the mule is wearing a straw hat.

·                     If you are riding a bicycle in Osceola, Michigan and wish to pass a horse-drawn vehicle, you must first get permission from the driver.

·                     It is against the law to let your horse eat a fire hydrant in Marshalltown, Iowa.

·                     Virginia law says it is a no-no for any person to take any un-haltered horse, age one or more, into any place of public worship or permit one to accompany him there. Kentucky revised statutes say that you can only ride a female horse near a church when services are in progress.

·                     A New Orleans, Louisiana law from 1898 says: it shall be a misdemeanor for any person to hold, hitch, or fasten a stallion or any noisy animal within 80 feet of any place of public worship or during the time Sunday school is in attendance.

·                     It is against the law to use a horse, mule or cattle to take waterfowl.

·                     Women of “bad character” are forbidden to ride horseback in the streets in Columbia, South Carolina.

·                     Horses are required to wear hats in hot weather in Rasario, Argentina.

·                     A British law states that an Englishman must not sell a horse to a Scotsman.

·                     Mississippi code, chapter 28, section 1296 says: Obscenity; stallion or jack not kept in public view. Any person shall not keep a stallion or jack nearer then 100 yards to a church, or in public view in an enclosure bordering on a public highway or nearer thereto than 100 yards, nor shall any person stand such animals in open view of any public place, or negligently keep such an animal or suffer it to run at large.

 

 

Ask The Vet

by Dr. Katie Hayes, DVM

 

Equine Cushings Disease (ECD)

 

This is a problem that stems from the pituitary gland of the brain and can be caused from neoplasia (cancer), administration of certain drugs, or an increase in the size of the pituitary from unknown causes. The result is a higher than normal amount of cortisol (a naturally occurring steroid) present in circulation. Also, because of the increased size of the gland (regardless of the cause) the rate and frequency of other various secretions is affected as well.

 

ECD occurs mostly in older horses (usually 18-23 years of age) with an average age of 19. It is suggested that ponies and Morgans may be more at risk, but there is no proven breed or gender predilection. Clinical signs include a decrease in shedding, lightening of hair, weight loss/loss of muscle mass, behavior changes, delayed wound healing, increased sweating, laminitis (founder), increase in urination and drinking, and, most distinctively, a long curly hair coat.

 

Laminitis is the most common reason for euthanasia of horses with Cushings Disease. Many Cushinoid horses have problems with chronic and severe sole abscesses caused by the chronic laminitis and suppressed immune system. ECD is the most common cause of Diabetes Mellitus due to an increase in insulin insensitivity from the increase in cortisol.

 

There is a test available to diagnose Cushings Disease and is an effective method for diagnosing the condition and therefore treating your horse to help prevent and lessen the effects of Cushings. Different products are available for treatment and have a 70-80% success rate. Simple actions at home can aid in improvement of this condition and maximize the horse’s response to drug therapy. Actions such as good hoof care, nutritional management to avoid obesity, and full body clipping in the case of long hair coats.

 

 

Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

 

This is a condition very similar to Equine Cushings Disease. However, where Cushings is caused by a disorder of the pituitary, EMS is very much an obesity associated disorder. In fact, another name for the condition is obesity-associated laminitis.

 

EMS is most commonly seen in horses 8-18 years of age, and is proven to be more common in ponies, Morgans, and Mustangs. The clinical signs for this condition, like ECD, are caused by an increase in cortisol and include abnormal fat deposition (abnormally large sheaths in geldings), infertility in mares, and most commonly, laminitis. It is usually the horses in the herd that are known as “easy keepers”, the ones that seem to only require air to gain weight, that are affected with EMS.

 

Since these horses are overweight there is an excess amount of fat stored in certain areas in the abdomen. This excess fat secretes cortisol, which leads to insulin resistance along with other problems and observed conditions. It is interesting to note that the laminitis that develops is a result of changes in the vessels and increased clotting within vessels of the feet, similar to atherosclerosis in humans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Founder in these horses may be very subtle and may go unnoticed by owners, the only sign being “stress lines” on the hooves. This condition has traditionally been diagnosed as Hypothyroidism. It is believed that true hypothyroidism does not occur in adult horses.

 

There is also a test available to diagnose this condition, and requires that your horse be left at the clinic for a short amount of time while blood tests are run over a 3 hour period. There is no specific product available for treatment, since the cause is basically obesity. Due to this fact, the key is prevention. Dietary restriction and management as well as exercise aimed at decreasing abdominal obesity could be helpful in preventing this obesity induced laminitis. Feeding low glycemic index feeds (low carb) can be very helpful as well.

 

If your horse fits either of these descriptions or is exhibiting some or all of these clinical signs, you should have a veterinary exam performed to see if further testing is warranted. It is important to think about these conditions now since laminitis is such a big factor and complication with both conditions. Spring is here, and with that comes fresh new grass and acute flare-ups of laminitis in horses predisposed to these conditions.

 

 

Recipe of the Month

 

Fiesta Salad                                                                                   Servings: 4

 

6 cups

Romaine lettuce, torn

 

 

1 can

(15oz) black beans, drained and rinsed

 

 

1 cup

frozen corn, thawed and drained

 

 

1-1/2 cups

chicken, cooked and chopped or cubed

 

 

1/2 cup

salsa

 

 

1 cup

crumbled or shredded cheese (Cheddar or three-cheese blend)

 

 

1/2 cup

Ranch dressing

 

 

1 cup

tortilla chips, broken

 

 

 

·               Place lettuce in bottom of glass serving bowl or platter.

·               Layer evenly with beans, corn, chicken, salsa, and cheese.

·               Drizzle with dressing and top with chips.

 

Substitutions: substitute any canned beans for the black beans.